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Visible-light mediated aerobic dehydrogenation of N-heterocyclic compounds is a reaction with enormous potential for application. Herein, we report the first complete aerobic dehydrogenation pathway to large-scale production of isoquinolines. The discovery of this visible light photoredox reaction was enabled through the combination of mathematical simulations and real-time quantitative mass spectrometry screening. The theoretical calculations showed that hyper-conjugation, the main underlying factor hindering the aerobic oxidation of tetrahydroisoquinolines, is relieved both by pi- and sigma-donating substituents. This mechanistic insight provided a novel photocatalytic route based on N-substituted auxiliaries that facilitated the conversion of tetrahydroisoquinolines into the corresponding isoquinolines in just three simple steps (yield 71.7% in bulk-solution phase), using unmodified Ru(bpy)3Cl2 photocatalyst, sun energy, atmospheric O2, and at ambient temperature.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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The reactivity of the bifunctionalized ligand NC(Br)N-I 1 [IC6H2(CH2NMe2)2- 3,5-Br-4] has been studied as a versatile synthon for organic and/or organometallic synthesis. Chemoselective metalation (M = Pd, Pt, Li) at the Caryl-I or Caryl-Br bonds was achieved by choosing the appropriate metal precursors. In this way a series of Pt11 and Pd11 complexes were prepared that have a second functional group available for further reactions. These Pt11 and Pd11 complexes were subjected to a wide range of organic and organometallic reactions, revealing the remarkable stability of their M-C sigma-bond and opening an easy route for the synthesis of mono- and (hetero)bimetallic building blocks. The scope of the chemistry of such building blocks shows that they are good candidates for use in the synthesis of dendrimers, bioorganometallic systems, or polymetallic materials. The X-ray crystal structures of the most representative complexes (2, 3a, 19, 20, and 24) are also reported.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Reaction conditions for the three-component synthesis of aryl 1,3-diketones are reported applying the palladium-catalyzed carbonylative alpha-arylation of ketones with aryl bromides. The optimal conditions were found by using a catalytic system derived from [Pd(dba)2] (dba=dibenzylideneacetone) as the palladium source and 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (DPPP) as the bidentate ligand. These transformations were run in the two-chamber reactor, COware, applying only 1.5 equivalents of carbon monoxide generated from the CO-releasing compound, 9-methylfluorene-9-carbonyl chloride (COgen). The methodology proved adaptable to a wide variety of aryl and heteroaryl bromides leading to a diverse range of aryl 1,3-diketones. A mechanistic investigation of this transformation relying on 31P and 13C NMR spectroscopy was undertaken to determine the possible catalytic pathway. Our results revealed that the combination of [Pd(dba)2] and DPPP was only reactive towards 4-bromoanisole in the presence of the sodium enolate of propiophenone suggesting that a [Pd(dppp)(enolate)] anion was initially generated before the oxidative-addition step. Subsequent CO insertion into an [Pd(Ar)(dppp)(enolate)] species provided the 1,3-diketone. These results indicate that a catalytic cycle, different from the classical carbonylation mechanism proposed by Heck, is operating. To investigate the effect of the dba ligand, the Pd0 precursor, [Pd(eta3-1-PhC 3H4)(eta5-C5H5)], was examined. In the presence of DPPP, and in contrast to [Pd(dba)2], its oxidative addition with 4-bromoanisole occurred smoothly providing the [PdBr(Ar)(dppp)] complex. After treatment with CO, the acyl complex [Pd(CO)Br(Ar)(dppp)] was generated, however, its treatment with the sodium enolate led exclusively to the acylated enol in high yield. Nevertheless, the carbonylative alpha-arylation of 4-bromoanisole with either catalytic or stoichiometric [Pd(eta3-1-PhC3H4) (eta5-C5H5)] over a short reaction time, led to the 1,3-diketone product. Because none of the acylated enol was detected, this implied that a similar mechanistic pathway is operating as that observed for the same transformation with [Pd(dba)2] as the Pd source. CO-operation is the key! The first palladium-catalyzed carbonylative alpha-arylation of aryl bromides is described. A wide array of different aryl 1,3-diketones can be isolated in good-to-excellent yields using only stoichiometric amounts of CO (see scheme). A mechanistic study is presented that suggests the need for enolate coordination prior to oxidative addition when [Pd(dba)2] is employed as the precatalyst. Copyright

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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New highly active heterogeneous silicaethylphosphatrioxaadamantane palladium catalysts with very low millimole per gram palladium load are reported. Applied to a broad range of Suzuki substrate pairs in 0.1-0.2 mol%, these catalysts are very effective, reusable and resistant to leaching for reactions in hot xylene or with microwave irradiation of EtOH:H2O:DME solutions.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Palladium-catalyzed asymmetric [3+2] cycloaddition of 3-diazooxindoles with 2-vinylspiro[cyclopropane-1,2?-indene]-1?,3?-dione proceeded smoothly in the presence of chiral imidazoline-phosphine ligands to give the corresponding highly functionalized spiropyrazolidine derivatives in good to excellent yields (52-99%) along with good enantioselectivities (48-82% ee) under mild conditions.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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The introduction of rigid-rod molecules as privileged scaffolds has opened routes to otherwise problematic supramolecular architecture like artificial beta-barrels and functional supramolecules covering pores, hosts, sensors, and catalysts. The usefulness of p-oligophenyls for the construction of functional barrel-stave architecture has, however, been limited by uniform substitution along the rigid-rod scaffold. The objective of this report is to overcome this obstacle for the synthesis of p-octiphenyls with orthogonally protected carboxylic acid groups along the rigid-rod scaffold. In the reported {242}-p-octiphenyl 1, the two peripheral arene moieties carry carboxylic acid groups protected as benzyl esters, whereas the four central carboxylic acid groups are protected orthogonally as tert-butyl esters (Scheme 2). The complementary orthogonal protection of the three peripheral and the two central arenes is achieved in the {323}-p-octiphenyl 2 (Scheme 3). The realized {242}- and {323}-p-octiphenyls 1 and 2, respectively, provide a complete set for the general access to refined rigid-rod barrel-stave architecture with maximized functional plasticity. The need for resolution-enhanced (aliased) HMBC 2D-NMR spectroscopy to characterize these refined oligomers is described in the following publication in this issue of Helv. Chim. Acta.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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We devised and synthesized a series of electron-rich compounds featuring diphenylamine, carbazole or dibenzo[c,g]carbazole connected via phenylacetylene linkers to an aromatic central unit. The key synthetic step was a high yielding cross coupling reaction between halogenated (bi)naphthalene and organometallic reagents prepared in situ from terminal alkynes (side-arms). By masking one of the iodo functions with a diethyltriazenyl group in the side-arm precursors, we efficiently circumvented the formation of doubly aminated by-products. Although one step longer, this approach led to higher yields of terminal alkynes than the direct coupling route. Spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements supported by computational evidence revealed that conjugation in the 1,4-disubstituted naphthalene backbone is superior to the 1,5 or 2,6 substituted cores. The diphenylamine derivative gets oxidized more readily when compared to its carbazole analogs. Expanding the core to binaphthalene did not alter electronic properties, but influenced the physical characteristics significantly.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Poly [3,3?-didodecylquaterselenophene] (PQS) and poly[3,3?- didodecylquaterselenophene-alt-didodecylquaterthiophene] (PQSQT), have been synthesized by using a Stille cross-coupling reaction. The weight-averaged molecular weights (Mw) of PQS and PQSQT were found to be 18,900 Da and 22,300 Da with polydispersity indices of 1.71 and 1.99, respectively. Photophysical measurements found the low bandgaps of 1.73 eV for PQS and 1.86 eV for PQSQT. The field-effect mobilities of PQS and PQSQT were determined to be 6.0×10-3 and 0.05 cm2/V s, respectively. The influence of the selenium and sulfur atoms in the polymer backbones were investigated with regard to device performances. The polymers were combined with the PC71BM ([6,6]-phenyl C71-butyric acid methyl ester) acceptor to fabricate bulk heterojunction solar cells with power conversion efficiencies of 0.73-2.37% under AM 1.5 G (100 mW/cm2) conditions.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Compounds of the formula: 1where the formula variables are as defined in the disclosure, advantageously inhibit or block the biological activity of the picomaviral 3C protease. These compounds, as well as pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds, are useful for treating patients or hosts infected with one or more picomaviruses, such as RVP. Intermediates and synthetic methods for preparing such compounds are also described.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Catalytic conditions for the alpha-arylation of aryl nitromethanes have been discovered using parallel microscale experimentation, despite two prior reports of the lack of reactivity of these aryl nitromethane precursors. The method efficiently provides a variety of substituted, isolable diaryl nitromethanes. In addition, it is possible to sequentially append two different aryl groups to nitromethane. Mild oxidation conditions were identified to afford the corresponding benzophenones via the Nef reaction, and reduction conditions were optimized to afford several diaryl methylamines.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method