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A new class of luminescent alkynylplatinum(II) complexes of tri-dentate bis(N-alkylbenzimidazol-2?-yl)-pyridines (bzimpy), [Pt(R,R?-bzimpy)- (C?C-R?)]X (X = PF6, OTf), and one of their chloro precursor complexes, [Pt(R,R?-bzimpy)Cl]PF6, have been synthesized and characterized; one of the alkynyl complexes has also been structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. Electrochemical studies showed that the oxidation wave is alkynyl ligand-based in nature with some mixing of the metal center-based contribution, whereas the two quasi-reversible reduction couples are mainly bzimpy-based reductions. The electronic absorption and luminescence properties of the complexes have also been investigated. In solution, the high-energy and intense absorption bands are assigned as the pi-pi* intraligand (IL) transitions of the bzimpy and alkynyl ligands, whereas the low-energy and moderately intense absorptions are assigned to an admixture of metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) (dpi(Pt) ?pi*(R,R?-bzimpy)) and ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer (LLCT) (pi-(C?C-R?) ?* (R,R?-bzimpy)) transitions. Upon variation of the electronic effects of the arylalkynyl ligands, vibronic-structured or structureless emission bands, originating from triplet metal-perturbed intraligand (IL) or an admixture of triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) and ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer (LLCT) excited states respectively, were observed in solution. Interestingly, two of the complexes showed a dual luminescence that was sensitive to the polarity of the solvents. Upon cooling from 298 K to 155 K, drastic color, UV/Vis, and luminescence changes were observed in a butyronitrile solution of 1, and were ascribed to the formation of aggregate species through Pt … Pt and pi-pi stacking interactions. DFT and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations have been performed to verify and elucidate the results of the electrochemical and photophysical properties.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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By introducing 2,6-bis(2-benzimidazolyl)pyridyl and 2,6-di-(pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine derivatives as ligand in the reaction system, three new transition-metal coordination complexes have been successfully synthesized, namely, [Co(HL1)2] (1), [Ni(HL1)2] (2), and [Ni3(H2L2)2(HL2)2](OH)3(Ac)H2O (3) (H2L1=2,6-bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine and H2L2=2,6-di-(5-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine). They are all characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, UV absorption spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, powder X-ray diffraction, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Structural analysis shows that the structures of complexes1 and 2 are similar. They are constructed from one metal (Co, Ni) atom and two 2,6-bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine ligands (HL1-); the HL1- ligand is in the tridentate coordination mode with N3 donors. Complex3 is a trinuclear Ni complex with four 2,6-di-(5-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine (H2L2) ligands, in which the H2L2 possesses two coordination fashions: terminal tridentate and bridging tetradentate. In addition, the surface photovoltage spectroscopy and photocatalytic activities of complexes1-3 were investigated in detail. The results reveal that complex3 possesses higher photocatalytic activity. A coordinated approach: The coordination complexes [Co(HL1)2], [Ni(HL1)2], and [Ni3(H2L2)2(HL2)2](OH)3(Ac)H2O (H2L1=2,6-bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine, H2L2=2,6-di-(5-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine) have been synthesized and characterized systematically. Surface photovoltage spectroscopy indicates p-type semiconductor characteristics and the ability to act as a photocatalyst to degrade the dye methylene blue (MB; see figure).

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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2,6-Bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine (L) ligand and complexes [M(L)Cl2] and [Fe(L)2](ClO4)2 (M = Zn, Cd, Hg) have been synthesized. The geometries of the [M(L)Cl2] complexes were derived from theoretical calculation in DGauss/DFT level (DZVP basis set) on CACHE. The central M(II) ion is penta-coordinated and surrounded by N3Cl2 environment, adopting a distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry. The ligand is tridentate, via three nitrogen atoms to metal centre and two chloride ions lie on each side of the distorted benzimidazole ring. In the [Fe(L)2](ClO4)2 complex, the central Fe(II) ion is surrounded by two (3N) units, adopting a octahedral geometry. The elemental analysis, molecular conductivity, FT-Raman, FT-IR (mid-, far-IR), 1H, and 13C NMR were reported. The antimicrobial activities of the free ligand, its hydrochloride salt, and the complexes were evaluated using the disk diffusion method in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as well as the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) dilution method, against 10 bacteria and the results compared with that for gentamycin. Antifungal activities were reported for Candida albicans, Kluyveromyces fragilis, Rhodotorula rubra, Debaryomyces hansenii, Hanseniaspora guilliermondii, and the results were referenced against nystatin, ketaconazole, and clotrimazole antifungal agents. In most cases, the compounds tested showed broad-spectrum (Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria) activities that were either more effective than or as potent as the references. The binding of two most biologically effective compounds of zinc and mercury to calf thymus DNA has also been investigated by absorption spectra.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Oxovanadium complexes with H2bzimpy (2,6-bis[benzimidazol-2?-yl]pyridine) and Me2bzimpy (2,6-bis[N’-methyl- benzimidazol-2?-yl]pyridine), and H3ntb (tris[benzimidazol-2?-yl-methyl]amine) and Me3ntb (tris[N?-methylbenzimidazol-2?-yl-methyl]amine) have been synthesized. Dioxovanadium(V) and oxovanadium(IV) complexes prepared from H2bzimpy and Me2bzimpy are [VVO2(Hbzimpy)·1.25H2O (1), [VVO2(Me2bzimpy) ](ClO4)·H2O (3), [VIVO(H2bzimpy)- (H2O)2] (CF3SO3)2·2H2O (2), and [VIVO(Me2bzimpy) (H2O)2](CF3SO3)2 (4). H3ntb and Me3ntb afforded oxovanadium-(IV) complexes, [VIVO(Hntb)]·2MeOH (5), [VIVO(H3ntb)Cl]Cl·H2O (7), [VIVO(Me3ntb)SO4]·H2O (9), [VIVO(Me3ntb)Cl]- Cl·H2O (10), and mixed-valence complexes, [(H3ntb)VIVO(mu-O) VVO(H3ntb)] (CF3SO3)3·2H2O (8) and [(Me3ntb)VIVO- (mu-O)VVO(Me3ntb)] (CF3SO3)3·3H2O (11). Crystal structures of 2, 7, and 11 are reported. The mixed-valence complexes, 8 and 11, show 15-line isotropic ESR spectra in fluid solutions at room temperature. These compounds also exhibit an intervalence transfer band around 1015 nm which is essentially independent of solvent, so these compounds are stable, mixed-valence species where the single unpaired electron is delocalized over the two vanadium centers at ambient temperature. With respect to one-electron reduction, the dioxovanadium(V) complexes are redox-potential equivalent with their monooxovanadium(IV) counterparts.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Five ligands as monosubstituted derivatives of the basic skeleton of 2,6-bis(2-benzimidazyl)pyridine were synthesized, and characterized by NMR and IR spectra along with the X-ray structure analysis. Their complexation gave a set of hexacoordinate Fe(II) complexes showing predominantly the diamagnetism until ambient temperature. Some temperature-independent paramagnetism along with an onset of the spin transition is also detected.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Two new bis(benzimidazole)aryl derivatives have been prepared and one of them has been shown to induce and stabilize formation of a G-quadruplex. The Royal Society of Chemistry.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Temperature variation of the effective magnetic moment for a pentacoordinate [Co(bzimpy)Cl2] complex shows a pronounced deviation from linearity below 120 K. Quantitative analysis based on the diagonalisation of the spin Hamiltonian matrices gave the set of magnetic parameters: gx=2.501, gy=2.622, gz=1.476, D/hc=71.7 cm-1, E/hc=1.4 cm-1, alphaTIP=0.98×10-9 m3 mol-1 and zJ/hc=-0.184 cm-1 (SQUID data). The extreme value of the axial zero-field splitting parameter D shows that the magnetic anisotropy determined by the non-spherical distribution of the spin density is enhanced by the low symmetry of the pentacoordinate chromophore. For the [Mn(bzimpy)Cl2]·1/2 MeOH analogue, only a moderate ZFS is found (D/hc=-2.7 cm-1).

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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New Zn(ii), Cd(ii) and Hg(ii) complexes of saccharinate (sac) and 2,6-bis(2-benzimidazolyl)pyridine (bzimpy), [Zn(bzimpy)2](sac)2·2H2O (Zn), [Cd(sac)2(bzimpy)] (Cd) and [Hg(sac)2(bzimpy)] (Hg), were prepared and fully characterized by spectroscopic methods and X-ray crystallography.In vitroanticancer screening in A549 (lung), MCF-7 (breast) and HT29 (colon) cell lines showed thatZnwas highly cytotoxic against A549 and MCF-7 cells with IC50values of 1.74 ± 0.06 and 3.15 ± 0.10 muM, respectively, andHgdemonstrated potent cytotoxic activity in MCF-7 cells (8.61 ± 0.98 muM), whileCdand bzimpy exhibited moderate growth inhibitory activities in all of the cell lines. In addition, they showed significantly lower toxicity towards normal human breast epithelial MCF10A cells. Moreover, the complexes exhibited significantly high nuclease activity towards plasmid DNA and their interactions with DNA were assessed by gel electrophoresis and DNA docking.ZnandHginduced G0/G1 cell arrest and apoptotic cell death detectedviatypical DNA condensation/fragmentation, annexin V staining and caspase 3/7 activity in A549 and MCF-7 cells. These complexes further caused depolarization of mitochondria and oxidative damage of genomic DNA following excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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The heterocyclic ligands 2,6-bis(pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine (L1) and 2,6-bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine (L2) and their cobalt(II) complexes were synthesized. The blue five-coordinate complex [Co(L1)Cl2] isolated initially from the reaction mixture rapidly absorbed water vapour from the atmosphere to yield the pink six-coordinate complex [Co(L1)(H2O)3]Cl2. This change is reversible upon desiccation or transferring [Co(L1)(H2O)3]Cl2 into acetonitrile. The five coordinate complex [Co(L2)Cl2], however, remains stable under similar conditions. The structures of the complexes [Co(L1)Cl2], [Co(L1)(H2O)3]Cl2 and [Co(L2)Cl2] have been determined by x-ray crystallography. The magnetic susceptibilities and the electronic spectra for [Co(L1)Cl2], [Co(L2)Cl2] and [Co(L1)(H2O)3]Cl2 are presented.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Nowadays, the design and synthesis of high-performance and low-cost catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) still remains a significant challenge. Herein, we develop an efficient strategy that utilizes an octahedral Co(II) complex with 2,6-bis(benzimidazol- 2-yl)pyridine (BBP) as the precursor for the synthesis of Co/N-codoped carbon non-precious metal catalyst with unique hollowed-out octahedral structure (Co/N-HCOs). As the favorable structure features, such as the high specific surface area, sufficient active sites and suitable pore structure, the Co/N-HCOs catalyst shows not only highly efficient catalytic activity but also superior stability to commercial Pt/C catalyst for the ORR in alkaline media. Furthermore, the influences of transition metal cations (Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Cu2+ and Mn2+) and anions (CH3COO-, Cl- and NO3-) on the structures of the complex precursors and resulting catalysts are also investigated in detail. The results show that all the reactions of metal cations (Co2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+) with anion CH3COO- can form octahedral complex precursors and catalysts. Thereinto, the formation of the hollowed-out octahedral structure is relied on the metal cation (Co2+) and anion (CH3COO-). The present study provides an efficient strategy to synthesize highly efficient octahedral catalysts.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method