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Six complexes consisting of either 2,6-bis(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine (bbp) or 2,2?:6?,2?-terpyridine (tpy) moieties coordinated to ruthenium(II) and attached to (pentaphenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene were synthesised and structurally characterised by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. Two of the complexes are the first examples of structurally characterised mono-protonated Ru(bbp)(tpy) complexes. The new complexes were studied by NMR, electronic absorption and vibration spectroscopy to gain an understanding of their physical characteristics. Remarkably the mono-deprotonated form of the bbp ligand, but only when attached to (pentaphenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene by a pyridyl phosphoester linker, shows an equivalence of the benzimidazole/benzimidazolate moieties on the NMR time scale, but not on the electronic time scale, as evidenced by UV-Vis and resonance Raman spectroscopy.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Polystyrenes have been synthesized with terminal groups of luminescence square-planar platinum(II) complexes, which can be conceptually regarded as plane-coil diblock copolymers. They can self-assemble into spherical micelles with a core of polystyrenes and a corona of planar platinum(II) complexes in the chloroform/methanol mixture solvents, while free-standing bilayered sheets form in the toluene/methanol mixture solvents. With increasing methanol content in the latter case, where the solvent quality was highly deteriorated for polystyrene blocks, the sheetlike nanostructures are readily transformed into spherical micelles. Pt···Pt and/or pi-pi stacking interactions between the planar platinum(II) blocks contributed significantly to these aggregate morphologies and their evolutions, leading to remarkable luminescence enhancements. This work represents a novel approach to design and synthesize luminescence platinum(II) plane-coil diblock copolymers, in which the planar platinum(II) complexes are for the first time regarded as an individual block for the creation of block copolymers and micellelike aggregates in solution.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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A metal-complex compound which comprises a tridentate chelate ligand having a specified partial structure. An organic electroluminescence device which comprises at least one organic thin film layer sandwiched between a pair of electrode consisting of an anode and a cathode, wherein the organic thin film layer comprises the metal-complex compound, which emits light by applying an electric voltage between the pair of electrode. The present invention provides an organic EL device which emits blue light with high purity and of short wavelength with an enhanced efficiency of light emission.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Syntheses of 1,3-bis(2-benzimidazyl)benzene (bBzlH2Bz) and its N-methylated derivative (N-MebBzlBz) as well as their acid adducts and a few complexes of cobalt(II), CoX2L (X = halogen; L = N-heterocycle) and (ClO4)2, have been described.The heterocycles have been characterised by IR, electronic and NMR spectral data.The electronic and magnetic susceptibility data suggest tetrahedral geometry for CoX2L and (ClO4)2 (L = bBzlH2Bz or N-MebBzlBz), trigonal-bipyramidal for CoX2(N-MebBzlPy) X2 (X = I or ClO4) complexes.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Four new bis(benzimidazole)pyridine (BBP)-containing compounds Zn(BBP)Cl[Au(CN)2], Mn(BBP)[Au(CN)2]2× H2O, Mn(BBP)Br2(MeOH) and Mn(BBP)Cl2(MeOH) ×MeOH have been synthesized and structurally characterized and their birefringence values (Deltan) determined. The structure of Zn(BBP)Cl[Au(CN)2] contains a hydrogen-bonded dimer of Zn(BBP)Cl[Au(CN)2] units which propagate into a 1D chain through Au-Au interactions, although the crystals are of poor optical quality. The supramolecular structure of Mn(BBP)[Au(CN)2]2· H2O forms a 1D coordination polymer through chains of Mn(BBP)[Au(CN)2]2 units, each containing one bridging Au(CN)2 and one forming a 2D sheet through Au-Au interactions. The supramolecular structures of Mn(BBP)Br2(MeOH) and Mn(BBP)Cl 2(MeOH)·MeOH are very similar, consisting of a complex hydrogen-bonded network between NH imidazole, methanol and halide groups to align BBP building blocks. In the plane of the primary crystal growth direction, the birefringence values of the three Mn-containing materials were Deltan=0.08(1), 0.538(3) and 0.69(3), respectively. The latter two birefringence values are larger than in the related 2,2?;6?2?- terpyridine systems, placing them among the most birefringent solids reported. These compounds illustrate the utility of extending the pi-system of the building block and incorporating hydrogen-bonding sites as design elements for highly birefringent materials and also illustrates the effect on the measurable birefringence of the crystal quality, growth direction and structural alignment of the anisotropic BBP building blocks.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Ce3+ complexes exhibit 4f?5d emissions, with wavelengths spanning the range from UV to blue-green, depending on the choice of ligands. Such properties of these complexes, not achieved with conventional lanthanides, such as Eu3+ and Tb3+, make their use in emitting devices promising. However, few studies on Ce3+ complexes have been reported so far, hindering their practical application. In this work, Ce3+ complexes with tridentate terpy (2,2?:6?,2?-terpyridine) and pybim (2,2?-(2,6-pyridinediyl)bis(benzimidazole)) ligands are described. The absorption spectra of both ligands are drastically changed in the presence of Ce3+, which is ascribed to metal-ligand interactions. The Ce3+ complex with terpy (Ce·terpy) exhibits a 4f?5d emission band with the maximum at 405 nm, whereas the corresponding pybim complex (Ce·pybim) has a 4f?5d band with structures at 422 nm and 462 nm. The emission quantum yield, Phiem, for Ce·terpy is equal to 2.6%. For Ce·pybim, depending on the calculation method, Phiem = 2.1% (overall emission) or 0.45% (for the region where the 4f?5d emission is dominant).

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Two copper(II) complexes, [Cu(L)(N3)2]·MeOH and [Cu(L)(NCS)2]·MeOH, were prepared and characterized by spectroscopic, analytical, and quantum chemical studies, where L is 2,6-bis(1-butylbenzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine. X-ray quality crystals of [Cu(L)(N3)2]·MeOH were obtained by slow evaporation of MeOH solution of the complex. Molecular structure of [Cu(L)(N3)2]·MeOH was determined by X-ray crystallography. The asymmetric unit contains one [Cu(L)(N3)2] and one MeOH molecule. Cu(II) in [Cu(L)(N3)2]·MeOH is five-coordinate, bonded to five nitrogens (three from L and two from two azide anions). Coordination geometry around Cu(II) center is distorted square-pyramidal with tau value of 0.065. Optimized geometries, IR spectra, and non-linear optical properties of the complexes were obtained by computational studies based on density functional theory (DFT) with M062X method. NLO properties of these complexes were investigated computationally and both complexes exhibit better NLO properties than urea.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Two mixed ligand complexes of ruthenium(II) [Ru(bzimpy)(bpy)(OH 2)]2+ (1) and [Ru(bzimpy)(phen)(OH2)] 2+ (2) have been synthesized and characterized by FAB mass, 1H NMR, cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemical measurements. Controlled potential electrolysis of these complexes results in the conversion of ruthenium(II) to ruthenium(III) at 0.6 V and ruthenium(III) to ruthenium(IV) at 0.8 V vs. SCE. The binding constant of these complexes with DNA has been determined electrochemically and found to be (3.58 ± 0.25) × 104 and (2.87 ± 0.2) × 104 M-1. Viscosity measurements suggest that these complexes bind with DNA through intercalation. Such intercalative binding to DNA has been found to induce chirality to the two complexes. Electrochemically generated ruthenium(IV) species of these complexes have been found to bring about oxidative cleavage in DNA. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2005.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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A new tridentate benzimidazole ligand (L-C11) containing undecyl chains and its Mn (II) and Zn (II) complexes were synthesised and characterized by spectroscopic and analytical methods. Molecular structures of complexes [Mn(L-C11)Cl2] and [Zn(L-C11)Cl2] were evaluated by X-ray diffraction studies. The X-ray data showed metal ions in both complexes are five-coordinate with distorted square pyramidal geometry around the metal centres. The undecyl chains in the structure of the complexes are aligned in an interdigitated manner (head to tail) forming a non-polar domain. The aggregation properties of the ligand and its complexes were investigated by UV?Vis. absorption and emission spectroscopies in DMF-water mixtures. The emission spectral data revealed that the compounds showed aggregation induced quenching (AIQ) in DMF-water solutions. Moreover, thermal properties of the compounds were investigated by TG, DTG and DSC analysis.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Cationic complexes with a series of tridentate ligands, L = 4X-substituted 2,6-bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridines, 2 (M = Fe or Ni; X = H, OH or Cl), were isolated and characterized, together with the free pyridines, by elemental analysis, Fourier-transform IR, 1H NMR and UV/VIS spectroscopy.The syntheses were performed via condensation of o-phenylenediamine with 4-substituted pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acids.Ligand-field parameters were estimated for the nickel complexes.The (2+) species show thermally induced spin-crossover behaviour (1A1 –> 5T2g) which has been investigated in methanol, nitromethane and 20percent (v/v) dimethylformamide in MeOH.The behaviour is complicated by two complex dissociation equilibria, for which equilibrium constants have been evaluated.Ligand substitution is reflected in a change of the spin state in solution (2+) when plotted against Deltadelta (= 1H NMR para increment for substitutions X in benzene) show a turning point in the region around X = H and in this region spin-crossover behaviour is observed.Outside this region there is very little or no such behaviour and it is therefore possible to predict the spin-crossover behaviour for other substituents X from the Deltadelta value.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method