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The synthesis, spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and crystal structures of two new mononuclear homoleptic Pt(II) and Pd(II) complexes with the crown trithioether 1,5,9-trithiacyclododecane (12S3) are reported. In contrast to behavior with analogous smaller ring trithiacrowns, both metal complexes exhibit exodentate axial sulfur donors, a consequence of the preferred conformation of the 12S3 ligand. The lack of two axial metal-sulfur interactions correlates with the observed electronic spectroscopy and oxidative electrochemistry displayed by the complexes and contrasts with properties exhibited by complexes containing smaller polythioether macrocycles. The two complexes have electronic spectra dominated by charge transfer, not d-d bands and show no M2+/M 3+ couples. Both complexes show a fluxional 12S3 ligand in solution due to a 1,5-metallotropic shift, an uncommon observation of this particular type of intramolecular ligand exchange. The 195Pt NMR chemical shift of -4201 ppm for [Pt(12S3)2]2+ is consistent with an alternating positioning of the four sulfur lone pairs on the coordinated thioethers. Although 12S3 is poorly pre-organized for facial complexation, its flexibility to position a sulfur in an exodentate fashion enables it to form stable complexes with d8 metal ions such as Pt(II) and Pd(II).

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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A variety of Pd(ii) complexes containing the neutral N,P,N-ligand bis(2-picolyl)phenylphosphine (NpyPNpy) have been synthesised and characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The neutral complex [PdCl2(NpyPNpy-N,P)] (1) has been selectively obtained in high yield by reaction of [PdCl 2(NCPh)2] with the ligand in dichloromethane. The cationic complexes [PdCl(NpyPNpy-N,P,N)]PF6 (2) and [Pd(NpyPNpy-N,P,N)(NCMe)](PF6)2 (5) have been prepared from the same reagents by addition to the reaction mixture of one or two equivalents of TlPF6, respectively. It was found that dynamic exchange of the pyridine rings of 1 occurs on the NMR time-scale and possible mechanisms are discussed. As a by-product of the synthesis of 2, the unexpected dinuclear complex [Pd2Cl2(mu-N pyPNpy)2](PF6)2 (3) has been isolated in 10% yield. Its molecular structure in the solid state reveals the presence of two NpyPNpy chelating/bridging ligands. The cationic complex [Pd2Cl2(mu-NpyPN py)2]2+ was then selectively obtained by reaction of cis-[Pd(NpyPNpy-N,P)2](BF 4)2 (4) with [PdCl2(cod)]. 1H- and 31P{1H} NMR studies have demonstrated that 3 converts slowly into 2 in DMSO solution. The Ir(i) complexes [IrCl(cod)(N pyPNpy)] (6) and [Ir(cod)(NpyPN py-N,P,N)]BArF (7) have also been prepared, the latter exhibits a trigonal bipyramidal structure with the ligand displaying a facial coordination mode. Compound 7 represents a rare example of an Ir(i) complex bearing a N,P,N-chelating ligand. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2010.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Supramolecular Pd2L4 cages (L = ligand) hold promise as drug delivery systems. With the idea of achieving targeted delivery of the metallacages to tumor cells, the bioconjugation of exo-functionalized self-assembled Pd2L4 cages to peptides following two different approaches is reported for the first time. The obtained bioconjugates were analyzed and identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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The self-assembly of eight PdII cations and sixteen phenanthrene-derived bridging ligands with 60 bite angles yielded a novel M8L16 metallosupramolecular architecture composed of two interlocked D4h-symmetric barrel-shaped containers. Mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray analysis revealed this self-assembled structure to be a very large ?Hopf link? catenane featuring channel-like cavities, which are occupied by NO3? anions. The importance of the anions as catenation templates became imminent when we observed the nitrate-triggered structural rearrangement of a mixture of M3L6 and M4L8 assemblies formed in the presence of BF4? anions into the same interlocked molecule. Furthermore, the densely packed structure of the M8L16 catenane was exploited in the preparation of a hexyloxy-functionalized analogue, which further self-assembled into vesicle-like aggregates in a reversible manner.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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The coordination chemistry of the new, structurally characterized ligand bis(oxazoline)-phenylphosphonite (I, abbreviated NOPONMe2), shows its flexibility which is due to the possible formation of six-membered chelate rings. In the Pd(II) complexes [Pd(NCMe)-(NOPONMe2-N,P,N)](BF4)2, 1 (characterized by X-ray diffraction in 1¡¤0.5Et2O¡¤0.33MeCN), and [PdCl(NOPONMe2-N,P,N)](PF6), 2, this ligand behaves in a static tridentate manner, whereas in [Pd(Me)Cl(NOPONMe2-N,P)], 3, [PdI2(NOPONMe2-N,P)], 4, [PdCl2(NOPONMe2-N,P)], 5, and the allyl complex [Pd(eta3-C3H5)(NOPONMe2-N,P)] (PF6), 6, it displays fluxional bidentate behavior, as shown by variable-temperature NMR studies. In 3, only the isomer in which the methyl ligand is trans to nitrogen is formed. In the related complex [Pd(eta3-C3H5)-(NOPONMe2-N,P)]Cl, 7, an equilibrium has been evidenced between 7a and 7b, which involves coordination of the chloride and isomerization of the allyl ligand from eta3 to eta1. The latter isomer is quantitatively formed in toluene at 259 K and in the solid state. This was established using NMR spectroscopy by combined variable-temperature solution and solid-state studies. Isomer 7b was also characterized by X-ray diffraction, a rare example of a fully characterized allyl eta1-bonding mode for Pd complexes and the first in transition metal chemistry for a mutual cis arrangement of eta1-allyl and chloride ligands, a situation relevant to intermediates involved in catalytic transformations. The tridentate coordination mode of I found in complexes 1 or 2 never occurred in the related alkyl or allyl complexes. This is consistent with the antisymbiotic effect between carbon and phosphorus donors, and this finding was confirmed by theoretical calculations. To understand whether the mutually cis disposition in 3 and 7b of the chloride ligand (trans to P) and of a sigma-donor ligand such as the methyl or the eta1-allyl ligand (trans to N) is intrinsic to the nature of these ligands or related in one way or another to the P,N heterobidentate nature and resulting asymmetry of the NOPONMe2 ligand, DFT-B3LYP calculations were carried out on a series of isomeric structures of four- and three-coordinate chloro, methyl, and eta1-allyl Pd(II) complexes. The existence of an energetic barrier against the formation of a compound where the phosphorus atom of tridentate NOPONMe2 is trans to an alkyl or eta1-allyl ligand was established.

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Reference£º
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Chloroacyl halides are obtained under mild conditions by catalytic carbonylation in halogenated solvents of allylic halides or ethylene and allyl chloride mixtures under pressure of CO and anhydrous HCl in the presence of PdCl2; excellent selectivities for dichloroacyl and chloroacyl derivatives are achieved. Allyl chloride is partly consumed for the regeneration of palladium chloride. The product of oxidative addition of HCl to the oligomeric [Pd(CO)Cl](n) formed in situ by reaction of CO on PdCl2 is proposed as the first step towards the generation of the active species.

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Reference£º
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Monodentate phosphine substitution in [Pd(kappa3-dppf)(PR3)][BF4]2 (dppf = 1,1?-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) compounds

The ligand 1,1?-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf) is commonly employed in a variety of catalytic systems. There are a variety of coordination modes known for dppf, the least studied being the kappa3 coordination mode, in which both phosphorus atoms and the iron atom of dppf interact with another metal center. One such compound is the previously reported [Pd(kappa3-dppf)(PPh3)]2+. A series of related compounds, [Pd(kappa3-dppf)(P(p-C6H4R)3)]2+ (R = OCH3, CH3, F and CF3), has been synthesized and characterized. The X-ray crystal structure of [Pd(dppf)(P(p-C6H4F)3)][BF4]2 was determined. Electrochemical and computational studies indicate that the electron donor ability of the P(p-C6H4R)3 ligands influences the properties of these compounds. Substitution reactions of the P(p-C6H4R)3 ligands have been examined, and, in general, the more electron donating P(p-C6H4R)3 ligands completely replace the less electron donating ones. The kinetics of the reaction of [Pd(kappa3-dppf)(P(p-C6H4F)3)]2+ with P(p-C6H4OCH3)3 indicate that the reaction proceeds through a dissociative mechanism, contrary to the associative substitutions prevalent in square planar palladium(ii) chemistry.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Design and Enantioresolution of Homochiral Fe(II)-Pd(II) Coordination Cages from Stereolabile Metalloligands: Stereochemical Stability and Enantioselective Separation

The stereochemistry of chiral-at-metal complexes is much more abundant, albeit complicated, than chiral-at-carbon compounds, but how to make use of stereolabile metal-centers remains a formidable challenge due to the highly versatile coordination geometry of metal ions and racemization/epimerization problem. We demonstrate herein a stepwise assembly of configurationally stable [Pd6(FeL3)8]28+ (Delta/-MOCs-42) homochiral octahedral cages from unstable D3-symmetry tris-chelate-Fe type metalloligands via strong face-directed stereochemical coupling and facile chiral-induced resolution processes based on stereodifferentiating host-guest dynamics. Kinetic studies reveal that the dissociation rate of MOC-42 cages is 100-fold slower than that of Fe-metalloligands and the racemization is effectively inhibited, making the cages retain their chirality over extended periods of time (>5 months) at room temperature. Recyclable enantioseparation of atropisomeric compounds has been successfully achieved, giving up to 88% ee.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Well-defined bisMETAMORPhos PdI-PdI complex: Synthesis, structural characterization, and reactivity

The formation of a bisMETAMORPhos PN-bridged dimeric PdI complex (3) from ligand 1 and Pd(dba)2 is described. The addition of 1 to Pd(dba)2 initially leads to the formation of Pd0 complex 2, which has a highly distorted tetrahedral environment and binds two neutral ligands 1. Complex 2 converts to {PdI}2 complex 3 upon heating. Complex 3 consists of a completely flat Pd-Pd core, with a Pd-Pd bond length of 2.6199(4) A, and the Pd centers display a highly distorted square planar coordination environment. The formation of complex 3 from 2 is suggested to proceed via an in situ comproportionation pathway. Initial decoordination of one ligand from 2 followed by oxidative addition of one neutral coordinated ligand arm leads to a 1-PdIIH complex. Insertion of free dba into the Pd-H bond generates a 1-PdIIdba complex that releases 1,5-diphenylpent-1-en-3-one via intra- or intermolecular protonolysis. Concomitantly, comproportionation with 1-Pd0 yields 3. Complex 3 was found to function as a precatalyst in the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of p-chloroacetophenone with good conversions.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method

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Pd(II)-catalyzed addition polymerization and ring opening metathesis polymerization of alicyclic monomers: Routes to new matrix resins for 193 nm photolithography

A series of alicyclic polymers designed for 193 nm photoresist applications have been synthesized and characterized. These polymers were synthesized by Pd(II)-catalyzed addition and ring opening metathesis polymerization techniques. Methods for removing residual metal complexes of Pd(II) and Ir(IV) from alicyclic polymers were developed. The low absorbance of these polymers at 193 nm and their high dry etch resistance make them attractive candidates for 193 nm lithography. When formulated with onium-type photoacid generators and plasticizers in propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, these photoresists have demonstrated high resolution and high sensitivity.

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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method