In homogeneous catalysis, the catalyst is in the same phase as the reactant. The number of collisions between reactants and catalyst is at a maximum.In a patent, 52522-40-4, name is Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium-chloroform, introducing its new discovery. Application In Synthesis of Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium-chloroform
Several para-substituted NCN-pincer palladium(II) complexes (1a-g and 6a-g) {NCN = [C6H3(CH2NMe2)2-2,6]-, para = 4-position} have been prepared and the electronic influences of the para substituents were studied in catalysis as well as by DFT calculations (B3LYP/LANL2DZ). From DFT calculations, it was found that the para substituent exerts only a minor effect on the partial charge, investigated by means of the Mulliken population analysis, at the palladium(II) center. Also, when the para-functionalized, cationic NCN-PdII complexes 6a-g were applied as Lewis acid catalysts in the double Michael reaction between methyl vinyl ketone and ethyl alpha-cyanoacetate, only small differences in the activities of the various catalysts were observed. These results, when translated to immobilized multipincer catalysts, imply that various para functionalities can be used for immobilization of the pincer-metal complexes without affecting the catalytic activity of the individual sites. The application of a number of shape-persistent nanosize (NCN-PdII)n complexes (7, n = 3; 8, n = 3; 9, n = 8; 10, n = 12) as homogeneous catalysts in the same Michael reaction, confirmed this expectation. For complexes 7, 8 and 9, the catalytic activity per PdII center was found to be the same as for the monopincer analogs. Only dodecakis(NCN-PdII) complex 10 showed an almost threefold enhancement in catalytic activity per PdII center, which is ascribed to the high catalyst concentration at the periphery of this material. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003.
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Reference：
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method