Most of the natural products isolated at present are heterocyclic compounds, so heterocyclic compounds occupy an important position in the research of organic chemistry. A compound: 22426-30-8, is researched, SMILESS is CC(C)(C#N)C(O)=O, Molecular C5H7NO2Journal, Article, Pfluegers Archiv called Reabsorption of monocarboxylic acids in the proximal tubule of the rat kidney. II. Specificity for aliphatic compounds, Author is Ullrich, K. J.; Rumrich, G.; Kloess, S., the main research direction is lactate resorption kidney proximal tubule; fatty acid kidney lactate resorption; aliphatic compound kidney lactate resorption.Category: catalyst-palladium.
The 3.5-s efflux of D-lactate (I) (1 mM) injected into the lumen of the rat late proximal convolution as well as the zero net flux transtubular concentration difference of I, which is a measure of its active transtubular transport rate, were determined The inhibitory potency of small fatty acids and their analogs added to the perfusate at a concentration of 10 mM on both the 3.5-s efflux and, in most cases, the 45-s transtubular concentration difference of I was measured. Small fatty acids from acetate to octanoate inhibit 3.5-s efflux of I, the largest inhibition being exerted by propionate and butyrate. With increasing chain length the inhibitory potency decreased and disappeared with decanoate. Considering the acetate, propionate, and butyrate analogs, introduction of an electron-attracting group such as Cl, Br, I, CN, SH, or N3 on the C2 atom increased the inhibitory potency, compared to the unsubstituted fatty acid. An OH on C2 increased or did not change the inhibition, whereas an OH on C3 reduced or blunted the inhibition. A keto group, as it is present in glyoxylate, prevented inhibition, but pyruvate was inhibitory to the same extent as lactate, and acetoacetate was even more inhibitory than 3-hydroxybutyrate. Cl substitution on C3 preserved the strong inhibitory potency, whereas 4-chlorobutyrate was only sparsely inhibitory. A NH3+ group at any position precludes inhibition. As seen with Cl- or OH-substituted propionate and butyrate, the inhibitory potency increased with decreasing pKa of the compounds Increasing the chain length by a CH3 as from acetate to propionate, from glycolate to lactate, and also from glyoxylate to pyruvate increased the inhibitory potency. When tested against the 3.5-s efflux of L-lactate, the same inhibitory pattern was seen as with I. The transport of chloroacetate, glycolate, and acetoacetate, which were available in a radiolabeled form of high specific activity, was measured directly in 3.5-s efflux studies. It was Na+-dependent and could be inhibited by 10 mM L-lactate. Glyoxylate, on the other hand, which did not inhibit I transport, also did not show a Na+-dependent, L-lactate-inhibitable efflux from the tubular lumen. Apparently, a variety of short-chain fatty acids and their analogs are transported by the same Na+-dependent transport system in the brush border which transports L-lactate and I. The specificity is determined by the mol. size, hydrophobicity of 1 part of the mol., the electron-attracting abilities of substitutes on C-atom 2 or 3, and the charge distribution on the mol.
Compounds in my other articles are similar to this one(2-Cyano-2-methylpropanoic acid)Category: catalyst-palladium, you can compare them to see their pros and cons in some ways,such as convenient, effective and so on.
Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method