The reaction of an aromatic heterocycle with a proton is called a protonation. One of articles about this theory is 《The determination of dissociation constants of monobasic acids. III. The strengths of some cyano acids》. Authors are Ives, D. J. G.; Sames, K..The article about the compound:2-Cyano-2-methylpropanoic acidcas:22426-30-8,SMILESS:CC(C)(C#N)C(O)=O).Recommanded Product: 22426-30-8. Through the article, more information about this compound (cas:22426-30-8) is conveyed.
Measured conductivities and the extrapolation equation were used to obtain values (given in parentheses) for, resp., the equivalent conductivity at infinite dilution at 25° (Λ0) and the thermodynamic dissociation constant (K × 105) of the following acids: cyanoacetic (387.7, 342), β-cyanopropionic (380.8, 10.2), γ-cyanobutyric (377.9, 3.66), cyclohexylcyanoacetic (371.0, 430), dimethylcyanoacetic (381.3, 380), trans-1-cyanocyclohexane-2-carboxylic (375.6, 13.65). The results are considered in relation to the structure of the acids and are correlated with existing data on the effect of substituents on acid strength. A relation between the dipole moment of the substituent and the dissociation constant of the acid is proposed; this gives good agreement between exptl. and calculated values for the cyano acids, but it can be applied only when the effect of the substituents is purely inductive in nature and when the effect of free rotation of bonds can be neglected. Preparative methods are given for all compounds
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Reference:
Chapter 1 An introduction to palladium catalysis,
Palladium/carbon catalyst regeneration and mechanical application method